The combating had turn out to be more and more ferocious final month on the Zenith air-defense base a mile south of Avdiivka, the place for years an organization of Ukrainian troopers had defended the southern approaches to the town.
Russian troops had moved up on their flanks and had been pounding them from all sides with tank, artillery and mortar hearth, smashing their defenses and wounding males.
“Every day we tried to repel enemy attacks,” mentioned Senior Soldier Viktor Biliak, a 26-year-old with the one hundred and tenth Mechanized Brigade, who had spent 620 days defending the bottom. “All the fortifications were being destroyed and there was no possibility to build new ones.”
Soldiers interviewed after their retreat described an uneven four-month battle below a relentless onslaught of Russian artillery and glide bombs that destroyed buildings and broke by means of deep concrete bunkers. As the Ukrainians took casualties they grew to become more and more outnumbered by the Russians assaulting the town, who broke by means of at two strategic factors and rapidly seeded areas with fighters.
The fall of the town, when it got here in mid-February, was brutal and quick, occurring in lower than per week.
For two weeks, as troopers warned they might be overrun by Russian forces, commanders informed them to maintain holding their positions, a delay that price lives, Soldier Biliak mentioned. Some models had been crumbling below Russian hearth. One firm pulled again to the Zenith base after dropping its positions.
The ultimate retreat was harmful and dear, as Russian artillery fired consistently on the roads main out of the town. Many troopers died alongside the way in which.
The largest losses got here within the heart of the town from the heavy Russian aerial bombardment, mentioned Shaman, 36, a commander of the twenty fifth Separate Battalion, who was monitoring his models from a command publish. Some brigades misplaced contact with models below the bombing. A gaggle retreated to a home and had been killed when a glide bomb hit it, mentioned Shaman, who like others interviewed recognized himself by his name signal for safety causes.
The seize of Avdiivka was the Russians’ most important acquire in 9 months and a blow to Ukrainian forces scuffling with shortages of ammunition and males.
As they regrouped within the villages and coaching grounds after their retreat from Avdiivka, Ukrainian troopers expressed little question why they misplaced the town, a holdout on the japanese entrance that had been a goal of Russian assaults for 10 years.
“It was the lack of ammunition,” mentioned Shaman, whose battalion was deployed to Avdiivka in October when the Russians started a brand new offensive in opposition to the town. “No question.”
With ample artillery Ukrainian troops may have held the town, he mentioned, by hitting Russian provides and logistics behind strains, and stopping reinforcements from coming in.
One soldier, Roman, 48, from the Territorial Defense Force, spent three months in Avdiivka along with his unit final spring. “It was difficult,” he mentioned. “We did not have support.” The unit was despatched in February to assist defend the Avdiivka Coke and Chemical Plant, which served as a headquarters for the Ukrainian navy on the sting of the town.
He choked up when describing the casualties his unit had suffered within the conflict. “We had 20 in the unit, eight remain,” he mentioned. Of his firm of 86, solely 28 had been left, he added. There is not any official rely for Ukrainian casualties in Avdiivka, however commanders mentioned a whole lot had been doubtless misplaced within the metropolis’s fall.
Ukrainian officers say Russian casualties had been far larger, as their repeated assaults had been met with Ukrainian artillery hearth and drone strikes, leaving fields and trenches strewn with our bodies and damaged armor.
But the Russian troops saved coming and succeeded in reaching the perimeters of the town from the north and south. By the tip of January they had been poised to penetrate the residential areas. They broke in at two vital locations, from the northeast throughout the railway line, and within the south by tunneling by means of sewers to assault Ukrainian positions from the rear.
“That was an alarm bell,” mentioned Soldier Biliak.
Soldiers on the Zenith base started urging their commanders to request to withdraw, he mentioned. They had been informed to attend.
Inside the town Russia was hurling as much as 80 to 100 glide bombs, recognized by the acronym KAB, day by day. A single warplane would drop 4 half-ton bombs, which exploded in fast succession, gouging out large craters within the earth or flattening multistory concrete buildings.
“When a KAB falls, you wonder whether the concrete will fall on you and they will not be able to dig you out,” a soldier, whose name signal is Patrick, 42, mentioned. “We saw that happen.”
Russian drones had been consistently hovering above the roads. A medic, name signal Malyi, 23, was racing out of the town with a wounded soldier someday with a Russian drone pursuing him. The drone miraculously hit the spare tire on the again of the automotive and bounced off. Malyi and his wounded passenger survived.
“It’s life or death out there,” he mentioned.
By early February Russian troops had been near encircling the town and slicing the final two roads out. On Feb. 9, Dmytro, 36, the commander of Stugna, a navy intelligence unit, was ordered to Avdiivka to assist push again the Russian infiltration and safe the principle street into the town for the withdrawal of troops.
The unit joined the third Assault Brigade which had arrived per week earlier however they discovered the Russian troops had unfold by means of the neighborhood so quick that their plans had been out of date earlier than they may use them. “The situation was changing by the hour,” Dmytro mentioned.
Within days of Stugna’s arrival, on Feb. 13, Russian troops seized the principle street into the town and started working down a tree line towards a second street to the south, which was the final route out. Already Ukrainian troopers had been driving by means of heavy hearth to herald provides and evacuate the wounded, however hundreds of them could be stranded if the Russians seized management of that street.
Nearly surrounded, the boys on the Zenith air base lastly acquired orders to evacuate. A primary group didn’t make it, hit by artillery hearth. The fundamental group set out on the evening of Feb. 15, strolling in small teams throughout the fields at nighttime. Soldier Biliak led one group however he mentioned they got here below shell hearth and he by no means noticed the others once more.
By daybreak a number of dozen males regrouped by some cottages on the sting of the town. It was foggy, which meant there have been no drones flying, and though they’d no orders to take action, they continued falling again towards the one street out.
The Russians made six makes an attempt to grab management of the tree line, Dmytro mentioned, and his models repelled them every time with artillery. But ultimately the Ukrainians couldn’t staunch the circulation of Russians.
He may ship 4 to eight males as reinforcements, however he mentioned the Russians fielded teams of 30 folks at a time. “To stop a group 30 people, you would need 50 shells,” he mentioned. “You need five shells to correct the fire and we can only use 10 shells.”
Nevertheless Stugna held the street at two junctions and Ukrainian troops steadily withdrew from the town, on automobiles and on foot, largely below cowl of darkness. Soldier Biliak caught a journey with different wounded in an armored automobile within the early hours on Feb 16. The final models from Zenith got here out the subsequent day.
But they left six males behind — 5 wounded males and a helper — who had been captured and killed by Russian troops, Ukrainian officers later mentioned. “There were six. Our guys who remained. We should remember there were three times more lying dead and on the road,” Soldier Biliak mentioned.
The street led by means of the fields and was below fixed hearth. “You could still dash through with vehicles, but most came out on foot,” Dmytro mentioned.
At the chemical plant the twenty fifth Separate Battalion had been the final go away, simply earlier than nightfall on Feb. 17, heading north on foot.
“There were only 21 of us left to guard the whole plant,” mentioned Staf, 36, a tall soldier with an ill-fitting helmet. “They were coming from three sides,” he mentioned. “They were within firearms’ range,” one other soldier mentioned. “They were close enough to throw a grenade.”
The subsequent day, on their seventh try, the Russians took the tree line and reduce the decrease street, Dmytro mentioned. “A day earlier,” he mentioned, “it would have been chaos.”
Marc Santora contributed reporting from Donetsk area and Kyiv, Ukraine.
