Lev Rubinstein, a Russian poet, essayist and political dissident throughout each the Soviet and Putin eras, died on Sunday from accidents sustained after he was hit by a automotive in Moscow. He was 76.
His dying was confirmed by his daughter Maria in a short assertion on her LiveJournal account. Mr. Rubinstein was struck whereas crossing a road and had been positioned in a medically induced coma. The Moscow authorities stated that the driving force had dedicated quite a few visitors violations and “did not slow down,” and that that they had opened legal proceedings in opposition to him.
Mr. Rubinstein was thought-about one of many founders of the Russian conceptualism motion, an avant-garde fusion of artwork and prose that thumbed its nostril on the restrictions of the Socialist Realism that predominated within the Seventies and ’80s.
One of his contributions to the motion was genre-bending “note card poems,” with every stanza printed on a separate card. He was impressed by the cardboard catalogs he had encountered as a librarian at his alma mater, the Moscow Correspondence Pedagogical Institute, now referred to as Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities. But being topic to censorship inspired him to seek for a special medium.
“I wanted that the text could be an object, a literary object, a theatrical object — all at once,” he stated in a 2020 interview with the literary journal Pank.
His work was printed overseas and circulated throughout the Soviet Union as samizdat by way of an underground system of reproducing work that might make it previous authorities censors. After the collapse of Soviet Communism, he continued writing for mainstays of the Russian liberal mental press, together with Itogi, Kommersant and extra just lately the web site Republic.
In 1999, he obtained the Andrei Bely Prize, the primary impartial literary prize for writing that eschews censorship, for service to “humanities studies.” His novel “Signs of Attention” received the NOS prize, a Russian award given yearly for a piece of prose, in 2012.
“He was a living legend,” Boris Filanovsky, a composer who wrote an opera based mostly on a few of Mr. Rubinstein’s works that premiered in 2011, stated in a telephone interview. The two met twenty years in the past whereas lecturing on cultural journalism in St. Petersburg.
“When he read his lectures,” he added, “it felt like all participants were taking communion.”
Mr. Filanovsky known as Mr. Rubinstein “our linguistic consciousness,” likening his position in public mental life to that of the American writers Allen Ginzberg and Charles Bukowski and the English actor and creator Stephen Fry.
“His texts concern the very matter of language — what we say in Russia now seems to be stolen from Rubinstein’s texts,” he stated.
In latest years, Mr. Rubinstein continued to jot down for independently minded Russian retailers. He was outspoken about his opposition to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and his help for the opposition politician Aleksei A. Navalny, who has been imprisoned since January 2021 after spending months in Germany recovering from poisoning by a nerve agent.
Mr. Rubinstein’s dying elicited tributes on social media, together with one from representatives of Memorial, Russia’s best-known human rights group, which was banned by court docket order in December 2021 on the eve of the Ukraine invasion. They wrote:
“Rubinstein was not arrested or tortured, he was not poisoned or persecuted in Russia in the time of war in Ukraine. But his tragic death in January 2024, just on the eve of the two-year anniversary of the catastrophe, seems bitterly symbolic. Today’s Russia has no place for free citizens and independent poets. It barrels through them, not stopping at the red light to see them cross the road.”
Lev Semyonovich Rubinstein was born on Feb. 19, 1947, in Moscow. His father, Semyon, was a civil engineer who had served on the entrance in the course of the Second World War, identified in Russia because the Great Patriotic War. The penalties of that struggle had been seen all through his childhood, he stated in a latest interview; he recalled seeing “the armless, legless and eyeless people” when his father took him to the general public bathhouse.
His mom, Elena, was born in Ukraine and as a toddler there, within the metropolis of Kharkiv, skilled the Holodomor, the Kremlin-engineered famine of 1932-33 wherein hundreds of thousands died.
After President Vladimir V. Putin launched the invasion of Ukraine, Mr. Rubinstein spoke a couple of present of “internal imperialism” current in Russia, even among the many nation’s intellectuals.
“I admit with shame that such an internal imperialism was in us — despite the fact that we were not imperials,” he stated in an interview with the impartial Russian outlet Meduza printed in January 2023. “It took time and effort to overcome this within myself. Now, of course, my friends and I have eradicated this as much as possible.”
Mr. Rubinstein spoke out in opposition to the creeping authoritarianism of Mr. Putin, opposing the silencing of the impartial tv channel NTV. He denounced Moscow’s wars in Chechnya in addition to its unlawful annexation of Crimea from Ukraine in 2014. And he actively took half in occasions organized by Memorial, the rights group. In March 2022, he joined writers in an open letter condemning the “criminal war” being waged in Ukraine and carried out on the remaining occasion held in Memorial’s headquarters, which have been shuttered and confiscated by the state.
Complete data on survivors was not instantly accessible.
When he was requested, a 12 months in the past, what recommendation he would give to Russians residing by way of the rising repression of wartime, Mr. Rubinstein drew solace from historical past. “In the late Soviet years, my closest friends and I were convinced that this boring Soviet slime would be with us forever,” he stated. “But the opposite happened.”
He added, “From those times, I can give simple advice: Don’t be afraid.”
